T.V. Violence essays

T.V. Savagery papers What has the world gone to nowadays? It frequently appears wherever one looks, brutality pops up. We see it all over. Its in the boulevards, back rear entryways, school, and even at the home. One other significant wellspring of savagery is the TV. The TV can be found in 96% of homes in the nation (Langone). They cost close to nothing yet fill three principle needs; to engage, advise, and instruct. In any case, the TV started to have another reason in the mid 1990s that despite everything proceeds with today; debasing youngsters. That prompts influencing a great deal of the general public. T.V brutality happens in 25% of the projects on TV, excluding link (Cheyney). At the point when youngsters sit in front of the TV they regularly get maneuvered into its practical universe of brutality scenes with now and again destroying outcomes. There has been a lot of exploration that TV savagery is a significant wellspring of brutal conduct in youngsters, which can impact their activities, as they get more seasoned. Reality with regards to TV savagery and kids has been appeared. Some are attempting to battle this issue. Others are overlooking it and trusting it will disappear. Others dont even appear to mind. The realities are irrefutable. The investigations have been completed and all the outcomes point to one end: Television viciousness makes kids and a few grown-ups be fierce and the impacts can be long lasting. The data cannot be overlooked Violent TV impacts everybody. A normal American watches 2.7 long stretches of TV every week (Cheyney). Youngsters observe more than the reasonable portion of vicious programming (Cheyney). In view of that the impact now and again end up being sensational. For instance in California, a seven-year-old kid sprinkled ground up glass into the sheep stew the family was to have for supper. At the point when the kid was inquired as to why he did it he answered that he needed to check whether the outcomes would resemble those on TV (Howe). Not exclusively does this viciousness impact the chil... <!

Research Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Examination Paper - Assignment Example America, in contrast to different powers before it, was declining in both force and impact at a quick rate. It subsequently required an occasion that could reestablish it back to its previous greatness as the most grounded on the planet. As opposed to the prevalent view that the war was about oil, the inlet interruption was most certainly not. The Gulf took into account just five percent of America’s oil needs. In this manner, losing five percent of oil during the time spent increasing super force status was not be an issue for America. 2. John McArthur in his book Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the 1991 Gulf War: The press has its pimps as it has its police officers. The pimp spoils it, the police officer enslaves it, and each utilizations the different as a method of defending his own abuses†¦ however in another sense the press is superior to knowledge or progress; it is the chance of all that and different things also. A free press can obviously be positive or negative, however unquestionably, without opportunity it will be nothing yet terrible. (199) Residents are effortlessly controlled by the media and it is because of this factor the administration controls and controls the media, particularly in the midst of war. The general population might be denied data or tricked into accepting that an intrusion would regard them. 4. â€Å"..driven by the objectives of a quickly globalizing cold war, the United States immediately dropped all falsification of advocating decolonization, especially in Southeast Asia. American approach creators not just energized, they effectively mediated to encourage France’s come back to pioneer control in Indochina.† (Adas, p. 29) 5. â€Å"It is a spending plan of both happenstance and penance. It starts to get a handle on the chances of the incredible society. It is limited by the incredible penance we should keep on making so as to keep our guards solid and flexible.† (Campagna, p. 32) The Americans had to designate a great deal of assets to keep supporting the officers in Vietnam. This is in spite of the way that the vast majority were

Comapring George Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essa

Comapring George Orwell's 1984 and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World      Imagine a world where individuals are delivered in manufacturing plants, a world lost of all opportunity and uniqueness, a reality where individuals are banished or â€Å"disappear'; for thinking outside the box. Both 1984 by George Orwell and Aldous Huxley's State-of-the-art existence are frightening portrayals of such a general public. Despite the fact that these books are of anecdotal universes, control of things to come might be unobtrusively advancing and getting far more awful than Huxley or Orwell would ever have envisioned. Each society decimates the opportunity of the person through different controlling strategies, for example, the refusal of language and writing, a station framework and molding.      One manner by which every general public controls is by constraining the language and writing of each resident. In 1984, a language called Newspeak is concocted in request to limit all idea into one mode. There are three classes of Newspeak jargon: A, B and C. The A jargon comprises of words utilized in regular day to day existence to communicate straightforward contemplations. The B jargon incorporates words implied for political use, compelling a specific mental state on the individual utilizing the jargon. At last, the C jargon depends exclusively on specialized and logical words, built of just severe and unbending implications. Person thought is totally outlandish on the grounds that the tightened jargon is planned to incorporate just standards of the Newspeak language. The jargon is developed with the goal that expressions of strange importance, for example, â€Å"individual opportunity'; are disposed of all together. Newspeak is intended to soak the fire of thought and thought, while empowering aggregate thoughts. After some time, Newspeak decimates any variety of thought from the expectation of the â€Å"Party’s';. Writing is likewise gradually changed so that the author’s unique importance is lost to the significance of the Newspeak language. Newspeak interpretations appear to expend musings and recollections much like a wipe ingests water.      In the Brave New World, writing and workmanship are removed so as to obliterate singularity and opportunity of thought. For as Mustapha Mond says, â€Å"It isn’t just workmanship that’s inconsistent with satisfaction; it’s likewise science. Science is risky; we need to keep it most deliberately tied and gagged'; (Huxley 231). The Controller has made deduction outlandish by removing all science, craftsmanship and strict b... ...ind-set related with their stations. They are molded to fear being distant from everyone else, for separation makes reflection, which thusly encourages a feeling of independence. For instance, this is communicated in a scene where Bernard takes Lenina out on a first date. He proposes they take a walk and talk, however Lenina finds such a movement disagreeable. She rather convinces Bernard to take her to the Semi-Demi Finals of the Women’s Heavyweight Wrestling Championships (Huxley 64). Soma tablets are additionally conveyed so as to quiet any trace of revolt or event of thought. It is a medication taken to dull the faculties of the direness and want for activity. For as Lenina says, â€Å"Remember one cubic centimetere fixes ten bleak assumptions'; (Huxley 89).      Throughout 1984 and Brave New World, every strategy for control is planned to shield the person from scrutinizing their uniqueness. By restricting language and writing, making social classes and molding, these social orders can achieve their objective. However, as long as people keep on wanting to get information, this will never be permitted to occur. For it is upon the qualities of the people that our whole society is manufactured.

Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay

It has been uncommon in American history for presidents and VPs not to get along, however it has occurred on a couple of events: Adams and Jefferson, Kennedy and Johnson, and Eisenhower and Nixon are a couple of models (Jackson versus Calhoun-Part 1). Be that as it may, the most dubious connection among president and his right hand was between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun. Their differences started at an early stage in Jackson’s organization, and went on until after the goals of the Nullification Crisis. Invalidation is the refusal of a state to perceive a government law inside its limits and esteem that law illegal. For this situation, South Carolina, drove by John C. Calhoun, wouldn't perceive the defensive taxes in 1828, and 1832, saying that they profited the North and harmed the South. Right now, the American arrangement of government was genuinely new and the battle among state and administrative force was going all out. Towards the finish of the emergency, Calhoun ventured to such an extreme as to take steps to withdraw from the Union to show Jackson and the remainder of America that individual state governments were in reality ground-breaking. At the point when the squabble had arrived at its pinnacle, Jackson had enough and concluded the time had come to stop the emergency. The activities and choices made by President Andrew Jackson with respect to John C. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis empowered the Union to stay together, however demonstrated the intensity of the central government. Before looking into Jackson’s activities during the Nullification Crisis it is imperative to comprehend where the differences between the two men started. In 1829, only in a matter of seconds before Jackson was initiated, John Eaton, a companion and prospective secretary of war under Jackson, wedded the widow and non-legitimate Peggy O’Neale Timberlake. Since Timberlake was presently the spouse of a man in office, different ladies would need to acknowledge her as an equivalent, which they were troubled about. Jackson, in any case, would not accept that the ladies were defended in their conduct, for he considered Peggy to be â€Å"chaste as a virgin† (Barzman 56). After Jackson requested the spouses of the entirety of his partners to respect Mrs. Eaton as a social equivalent, they all consented aside from one; Floride Calhoun, the spouse of John C. Calhoun. Calhoun later guaranteed to Jackson he proved unable (or would not) change the psyche of his solid willed sp ouse. This rankled the recently chosen President and started the wild idea of the two men’s relationship. The fundamental viewpoint which energized their poor relationship was their disparities in political suppositions. Albeit the two men were from comparative pieces of the nation and both were committed to the government assistance of their home states, they differ on one significant region. Jackson was a patriot, who accepted firmly in saving the Union and putting government control over that of the individual states. Calhoun, then again, was actually the inverse. Albeit preceding 1830, he had been a patriot, Calhoun was currently an outrageous states’ rights advocate (Barzman 56). This epic distinction in political way of thinking put things in place for the most significant contention among president and VP and hints Calhoun’s plans for South Carolina. Calhoun had been gathering his data and planning his thoughts for the eventual fate of South Carolina for a long while, hanging tight for the ideal chance to uncover his ground breaking strategy. He needed to proclaim invalidation since his home territory of South Carolina was financially discouraged, frightful about the eventual fate of subjugation, and thought the new duties upheld the North to the detriment of the South (The Nullification 1). Jackson had a thought that Calhoun was arranging something radical so at the Jefferson Day Dinner on April 30, 1830, he expressed that â€Å"Our Unionâ€it must be preserved†. To this Calhoun answered, â€Å"The Union. Close to our freedoms, most dear† (Barzman 58). After openly pronouncing his devotion to South Carolina before the Union, Calhoun surrendered the bad habit administration and served in the South Carolina Senate. Under two years after the fact, on April 24, 1832, Calhoun sent the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification to Jackson, in which he pronounced, â€Å"The individuals of the province of South Carolina proclaim the obligations forced by said acts, and every single legal continuing which will be henceforth had in affirmance thereof, are and will be invalid and void. We do additionally pronounce that we won't submit to the utilization of power with respect to the Federal Government† (Hamilton 1). Jackson, horrified by this immediate danger to the Union and the Federal Government, was resolved to take care of Calhoun and do anything he could to safeguard the Union. In spite of the fact that Calhoun had expressed in his Ordinance that South Carolina would notâ respond to any strong demonstrations by the administration to endeavor to get Calhoun to withdraw, Jackson figured out how to outmaneuver his adversary. Jackson had congress pass a bill in 1833, â€Å"which permitted him to utilize troopers to uphold the duty measures† (Nullification Crisis 1). After the Force Bill was passed, Jackson sent a few warships and several fighters to Charleston to uphold the laws of the legislature. A few people contend that what Jackson did wasn't right on the grounds that dependent on the constitution, Calhoun reserved the privilege to announce Nullification for South Carolina. Be that as it may, what Jackson did was likewise protected and empowered the United States of America to stay as one. Had Jackson not passed the Force Bill following South Carolina’s Ordinance was gotten, Calhoun’s plan may have succeeded and South Carolina would have withdrawn from the Union, demonstrating that the Federal Government truly didn't have any control over that of the individual state. After the particulars of the Force Bill were set into place, Calhoun started to understand the difficulty he had gotten himself into and needed to locate an honorable method to make up for himself and his home state. From the outset Calhoun endeavored to discover different states ready to help and join his motivation, yet no other Southern states appeared to concur with his hypothesis of invalidation. So as to determine the issue, Calhoun went to Henry Clay, the â€Å"Great Compromiser†, for help. Towards the finish of 1833, Clay had the option to draft a trade off which â€Å"pacified South Carolina while permitting the Federal government to stand firm† (The Nullification 2). This exchange step by step diminished the taxes over a time of ten years until they returned down to the level which had existed in 1816. Jackson and Calhoun both marked the trade off and the emergency finished without carnage. Numerous individuals contend that it was because of the arranging abilities of Henry Clay, not Jackson, which empowered the Union to stay in respect. In any case, had Jackson not passed the Force Bill at first, Calhoun could never have been constrained into searching out Clay for help. With the finish of the Nullification Crisis its centrality to the development of the American government got obvious. By Jackson crushing Calhoun, and basically crushing the contention of states’ rights advocates, he achieved two significant things. His first achievement was that heâ had â€Å"proved the intensity of the Federal Government to implement laws, in any event, when states can't help contradicting them† (Jackson versus Calhoun †Part 2). This not just gave the American individuals more trust in the Federal Government, yet made them start to understand that having state governments more grounded than the Federal government would not be gainful to the country. Jackson’s second achievement was that he empowered the Union to stay flawless. He had delayed any gore over the issue of states’ rights †yet just for a long time. Had Calhoun’s wishes been satisfied, the Union may have self-destructed and his home province of South Carolina would have become an amazing self-administering an area. The distinction in political way of thinking between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun was the foundation of their wild relationship, which started at an opportune time in their official coexistence. The fierce idea of their relationship drove America into the Nullification Crisis during which Calhoun put the government assistance of his home state over that of the association, attempting to withdraw and show the intensity of state government. Jackson would not have states overwhelming the legislature, and passed the Force Bill permitting him to utilize the Federal Army and Navy to get South Carolina to comply with the laws the Federal Government had made. State Government and Calhoun lost their fight and the Federal Government demonstrated its forces. In spite of the fact that he couldn't eradicate the issue of states’ rights, were it not for Jackson’s astute choices during the Nullification Crisis, the United States might not have existed, as a solitary association, as it does today.

Administrative Ethics Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Regulatory Ethics - Research Paper Example Set forth plainly, two associations are compelled to pay OCR a total of $1,975,220 for losing two PCs that have patients’ private data (HHS, 2014). Obviously, such data are at a danger of abuse consequently the requirement for fortification. OCR’s agent executive affirms that, â€Å"Covered associations must comprehend that cell phones and PC security is the entity’s responsibility.† Consequently, the total expected of the substances sends a basic message that encryption is the best insurance against such rates. The two substances for this situation are Concentra Health Services (Concentra) and QCA Health Plan, Inc. of Arkansas. Correspondingly, the issue for the situation influences numerous individuals in various measures. In the first place, the most influenced are patients whose data is put away in the taken PCs. Jessica et al. (2011) state that one of the center obligations of clinical experts is secrecy. All things considered, it is necessitated that social insurance experts keep patients’ data mystery and hidden except if there is an agree to unveil wellbeing data. It is the fundamental motivation behind why patients share a great deal of secret data with clinical professionals. Generally, inability to keep the data hidden damages patients. Additionally, patients regularly share private data with experts. It is without question that the patient-doctor trust is broken when the center doesn't keep up security of data. The circumstance influences patients from numerous points of view. One, there are patients with by and by delicate wellbeing data that they tried to keep mystery. All things considered, that the workstations are taken methods such data is not, at this point private (Barrett et al. 2010). All things considered, the data is in the hands of individuals who need to abuse it. In addition, patients are influenced in that they will scarcely look for clinical help from the emergency clinic. Without a doubt, individuals gain as a matter of fact, and the accessibility of different people’s experience educates the

The SIPA Workshop Travel and Preparation for Two Weeks of Field Research COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The SIPA Workshop Travel and Preparation for Two Weeks of Field Research COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Over the first two weeks of January, right after the Christmas and New Year holidays, I traveled to Bangladesh to participate in field research pertaining to my SIPA EPD Workshop, the second year practicum that allows students in the Economic and Political Development concentration at SIPA to have a practical application of what theyve studied so far. Projects can run the gamut between impact analysis, communications, quantitative research prompts, and strategy papers. My project was assisting an international NGO called Orbis International in evaluating their assessment framework for the organizations they partner with. Orbis International is an international health organization dedicated to eliminating avoidable blindness in the developing world through partnerships that build the capacity of local healthcare providers and training and services delivered wither through telemedicine or their Flying Eye Hospital a retrofitted jetliner that is a state of the art flying eye hospital c omplete with waiting rooms, surgical theaters, and classrooms. In the run-up to my travel on January 3rd, I had, alongside with my group, created a work plan draft or two to solidify our scope of work, presented our workplan to our professor and peers for feedback, presented it to our client, and negotiated our scope of work with them. This process allowed us to solidify what exactly we were meant to do in the project and gave us a workplan for how wed like to approach our field trip to get the most relevant information needed for our trip. It was not all easy, though, is a group of seven, finding consensus in a workplan that would allow each of us to be able to tackle a part of the project we were interested in and find the roles in the project that allowed us to best show our strengths. On January 3rd, I set off on my 9:45 for nearly a full day of flights that would result in me reaching Dhaka Bangladesh around 5:00 pm local time. For this trip, I was accompanied by my workshop teammate Yina who flew to Bangladesh from her home country of South Korea. After a night of rest and acclimating to the timezone, we were up, bright-eyed and bushy-tailed for our work with the Orbis Bangladesh team which commenced with breakfast and orientation on Orbis Bangladeshs work and facts relevant to our project. On January 4th and 5th we stayed in the city of Dhaka, working at the Orbis International country office and their staff. We learned a lot about impact evaluation and partner assessment processes, on the ground development practice in the health sector, and what it takes to organize programs across dozens of institutional and implementation partners. We had overviews of all of Orbis NGO partners such as BRAC and Save the Children before setting off to Mymensingh, around 4 hours North of Dhaka by Bus. We stayed at the BRAC Learning Centre in Mymensingh, a collection of dorms for students and development workers managed by BRAC, the largest NGO in the country, and from there set off to visit the Dr. K Zaman BNSB Eye Hospital in Mymensingh. This eye hospital covers the Mymensingh Division of Bangladesh and surrounding areas by providing not only vision tests and eye screenings but cataract surgery, geriatric and pediatric eye surgery, and other concerns. It is supported by multiple vision centers it runs in more rural provinces that offer less invasive services such as refraction testing. There, we met record keeping, medical, ophthalmic, administration staff who gave us not only a warm welcome, but an overview of the eye hospitals work, the people they serve, and the challenges they face in ensuring that everyone receives the right care for their needs in the over 100km radius that they serve. After our day of meetings on the 6th at the eye hospital, we took a break for lunch and had an excursion to the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus where we toured the student farm and all of the tropical fruits and vegetables, flowers, and trees that were bring grown. We even had a photo shoot on this beautiful bridge overlooking a gazebo filled with water lillies before hopping on a small row boat on the Brahmaputra river before returning to the BLC dorms in Mymensingh. On the 7th of January, we set off for a one hour drive to Netrokona District in the Mymensingh Division of Bangladesh. We were going to visit the Netrokona Diabetic Hospital where Orbis International is supporting their efforts in building capacity to treat and diagnose Diabetic Retinopathy damage to the vessels in the eye due to complications due to diabetes. There, we met with the President of the hospital, its volunteer doctors, and other staff. Yina got to sample the retinal imaging machinery and we got to learn about the hospitals expansion efforts. We also got to speak to the government representative project manager from the ministry of social welfare who told us about the governments efforts to support rural health initiative. Because of the rural nature of the area, we were given a police escort and got to snap some photos with them too. They were extremely friendly and ensured our safety throughout. On the 8th of January we headed back to Dhaka City. The drive took over five hours due to traffic and some pretty intense fog, but we made it back in one piece. After getting back to the city, we met with officials at BRAC and SightSavers two large NGOs who collaborate with Orbis due to their shared mission and got an idea of the challenges they faced in their work these conversations were not only amazing networking but crucial to the success of our project. Finally, on the 9th we got to present our findings for the trip and how they will help our project move forward. We learned so much about how to evaluate impact on the ground especially in the field of ophthalmic care that will be useful for our project and are excited to continue. Over the next semester, we will create a report and a tool for our client, Orbis, and pilot it over Spring Break in Ethiopia.   It is a lot of work to balance with our courses, but it is such a key, tangible, application to our academic work that it is so worth it.

The 40-day College Savings Challenge

If youï ¿ ½re waiting for the right time to plan a college savings strategy, you may want to consider starting this week. For many Christians across the globe, this Tuesday is Mardi Gras (French for Fat Tuesday). Mardi Gras is a day of indulgence that is often celebrated with cakes, cocktails, parties and parades in preparation for the fasting season of Lent. Regardless of religious beliefs, many people observe the 40 days and 40 nights before Easter as a time for discipline and choose to ï ¿ ½give upï ¿ ½ something, such as eating sweets, drinking alcohol or other bad habits. Others may try to incorporate more good things into their lives during this season. We think this could be a perfect time to focus on your spending and find room in your budget for college savings. Where to Find Savings One of the most obvious ways to save money is to cut down on spending. Some easy ways to achieve this can be by making your own coffee, taking public transportation or eating meals at home. Keep in mind however that grocery bills can also add up quickly. A good way to prevent this from happening is to always plan ahead and stick to your list. Other ways to avoid sticker shock at checkout are to choose store brands over expensive name brands, buy in bulk and look for coupons. There are a number of convenient online grocery coupon websites and apps available today, such as store specific programs like Targetï ¿ ½s Cartwheel and Meijerï ¿ ½s Mperks. Even if youï ¿ ½re not into ï ¿ ½extreme couponingï ¿ ½, saving a couple of dollars here and there can certainly add up over time. In addition to keeping a close eye on your spending, this is also a great time to review your monthly bills. Think about whether you really need everything you are paying for. How much do you spend per month on cable TV? Could you live without premium channels in order to reduce your bill? Is it really worth $50+ a month to watch the Wiggles and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse? Your mobile phone bill may be another place to uncover savings. If the minutes you are using are significantly less than what your plan allows, find out if a cheaper option is available. You may even be able to find expenses that can be eliminated all together. For example, if you donï ¿ ½t frequent the gym you probably donï ¿ ½t need the membership. Staying healthy should be a priority, but try and explore options that donï ¿ ½t require a membership like fitness rooms in your office or apartment building, outdoor gyms at local parks or activities like bicycling or running. If you have babies or toddlers, investing in a jogging stroller may be a smart alternative to paying for daycare at a health club. Next Steps During the next 40 days, be sure to keep track of every dollar you save Open a 529 college savings plan Use the total amount of money saved as your initial deposit Determine a realistic monthly contribution based on this amount Set up automatic deposits from your checking or savings account Sit back and watch your earnings grow tax-free! Youï ¿ ½ll never miss the money because you never really had it in the first place. In the end, your kids might cry about the cable but theyï ¿ ½ll thank you later when they are able to attend the college of their choice. If youï ¿ ½re waiting for the right time to plan a college savings strategy, you may want to consider starting this week. For many Christians across the globe, this Tuesday is Mardi Gras (French for Fat Tuesday). Mardi Gras is a day of indulgence that is often celebrated with cakes, cocktails, parties and parades in preparation for the fasting season of Lent. Regardless of religious beliefs, many people observe the 40 days and 40 nights before Easter as a time for discipline and choose to ï ¿ ½give upï ¿ ½ something, such as eating sweets, drinking alcohol or other bad habits. Others may try to incorporate more good things into their lives during this season. We think this could be a perfect time to focus on your spending and find room in your budget for college savings. Where to Find Savings One of the most obvious ways to save money is to cut down on spending. Some easy ways to achieve this can be by making your own coffee, taking public transportation or eating meals at home. Keep in mind however that grocery bills can also add up quickly. A good way to prevent this from happening is to always plan ahead and stick to your list. Other ways to avoid sticker shock at checkout are to choose store brands over expensive name brands, buy in bulk and look for coupons. There are a number of convenient online grocery coupon websites and apps available today, such as store specific programs like Targetï ¿ ½s Cartwheel and Meijerï ¿ ½s Mperks. Even if youï ¿ ½re not into ï ¿ ½extreme couponingï ¿ ½, saving a couple of dollars here and there can certainly add up over time. In addition to keeping a close eye on your spending, this is also a great time to review your monthly bills. Think about whether you really need everything you are paying for. How much do you spend per month on cable TV? Could you live without premium channels in order to reduce your bill? Is it really worth $50+ a month to watch the Wiggles and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse? Your mobile phone bill may be another place to uncover savings. If the minutes you are using are significantly less than what your plan allows, find out if a cheaper option is available. You may even be able to find expenses that can be eliminated all together. For example, if you donï ¿ ½t frequent the gym you probably donï ¿ ½t need the membership. Staying healthy should be a priority, but try and explore options that donï ¿ ½t require a membership like fitness rooms in your office or apartment building, outdoor gyms at local parks or activities like bicycling or running. If you have babies or toddlers, investing in a jogging stroller may be a smart alternative to paying for daycare at a health club. Next Steps During the next 40 days, be sure to keep track of every dollar you save Open a 529 college savings plan Use the total amount of money saved as your initial deposit Determine a realistic monthly contribution based on this amount Set up automatic deposits from your checking or savings account Sit back and watch your earnings grow tax-free! Youï ¿ ½ll never miss the money because you never really had it in the first place. In the end, your kids might cry about the cable but theyï ¿ ½ll thank you later when they are able to attend the college of their choice.

The Impact Of International Trade On The Development...

The importance of international trade in the world has been widely studied and also examines the role of international trade in the various issues. Mainly my paper focused on the relationship between Economic Development and international trade, disadvantages of international trade also discussed. International trade is an activity of strategies importance in the development process of a developing economy. International specialization means that different countries of the world specialize in producing different goods. Trade policy formulation and implementation covering issues such as tariffs, incentives, quotas, taxes, customs and administration, subsidies, rules of origin, public procurement regimes, aid and investment, export promotion, trade facilitation and diversification. The role of foreign trade in achieving a quicker pace of economic development is thus well recognized. Hence, planning of foreign trade cannot be divorced from the strategy of overall development. The disadv antage of international trade is that the welfare of the people in nations that produce goods and services is sometimes ignored for the sake of profits. In conclusion it can be said that, international trade leads to economic growth provided the policy measures and economic infrastructure are accommodative enough to cope with the changes in social and financial scenario that result from it. Keywords: International Trade, Economic Development, Disadvantages, Economic Growth. Thank you for givingShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and Its Meaning Broadly Speaking, the Term ‘Globalization’ Means Integration of Economies and Societies Through Cross Country Flows of Information, Ideas, Technologies, Goods, Services, Capital,1074 Words   |  5 Pagesintegration of economies and societies through cross country flows of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services, capital, finance and people. 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During the Pre-World War I period of 1870 to 1914, there was rapid integration of the economies in terms of trade flows, movement of capital and migration of people. The growth of globalization was mainly led by the technological forces in the fields of transport and communication. There were fewer barriers to flow of trade and people across the geographical boundaries. IndeedRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Current Era of Globalization with the First Age of Globalization (1850s-1920s). What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in Its Current Context?1720 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis the merits and demerits of　globalization in its current context. John and Kenneth (2012, p. 28) find that the concept of globalization means the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence. With the development of the globalization , there is absolutely no reason for us to believe that a brighter future for the world is an impossibility. I’m going to solve the problem which is about the difference between the first and second globalization eras. From myRead MoreExport And Demand Of Goods1680 Words   |  7 Pageswith each other. Governments who use tariffs to protect the local economy and national benefits play an important role in trading until now. It is a useful tool for governments to negotiate with other countries on diplomacy. However, tariffs become barriers to globalisation and it can have negative effect on domestic economy and industries. Today, with the globalisation, each country may still consider to protect their local economy first instead of removing tariffs from imported products. InterestinglyRead MoreThe World Trade Organization ( Wto ) Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic, financial, trade, and communications integration.† (Businessdictionary.com) Globalisation enables vas t growth within international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and standard of living (measured by Human development Index). Globalisation in relation to Indonesia has greatly expanded the country’s international relationships, improved standard of living for the nation’s population and improved economic growth through assistance from strategies implemented to aid development. These strategies

Slavery Cause for Civil War - 1483 Words

SLAVERY (THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR) US History to 1877 – HIST101 American Military University, 26 April 2014 Many factors led to the occurrence of the American Civil War. The key issues were slavery, different political ideologies, right of the people, and economic reasons. However, the key reasons that lead to the Civil War was slavery. Slavery is touted as the main cause of the conflict between the states in the northern part and those in the south. To date, slavery is still considered the worst human tragedy to have occurred in the United States. Abraham Lincoln himself pointed out that slavery was the root cause of the Civil War because of increase in tension within the country.†¦show more content†¦States of the Northern and Southern region were both right in their claims; hence, the war was inevitable. The Southern States had practiced slavery for many years that made it both legally and historically right. Therefore, the southerners had the right to defend their tradition and way of life.3 The idea of slavery was seen as an evil and not in accordance with most of the Republican states in the country. The anti-slavery movements wanted to stop the spread of slavery in a gradual manner. However, the people in the Southern States saw this as an abuse of their constitutional rights by barring them from practicing slavery. In the mid-1880s, acts of slavery were beginning to fade away in the Northern States, but they thrived in the Southern States. The main way to put an end to this was to result in violence since both factions had reached an impasse. The main agenda of the abolitionists was to attain economic reforms that gave the southern part an unfair advantage. A different liberal group called for a gradual abolishment of slavery. Abraham Lincoln during the presidential election of 1860 ran with the ideology of slave abolishment and won by a minor margin. He used slavery as one of the main points when running for the presidency. Furthermore, he made it clear that he had abolished slavery in most states in the United States. In addition to going against slavery, heShow MoreRelatedWas Slavery the Main Cause of the Civil War?822 Words   |  4 PagesWas Slavery the Main Cause Of the Civil War? There were many things that led to the Civil War. They were slavery, politics, and state right versus the federal government, expansionism, sectionalism, and economics. Historians argue over what the main cause really was that led to the Civil War since no one can really say for sure what it was. Slavery was the main cause of the Civil War. One of the main causes of the Civil War was the argument over slavery. Though slavery was not the only reasonRead MoreSlavery as the Cause of the American Civil War Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Civil War was the bloodiest military conflict in American history leaving over 500 thousand dead and over 300 thousand wounded (Roark 543-543). One might ask, what caused such internal tension within the most powerful nation in the world? During the nineteenth century, America was an infant nation, but toppling the entire world with its social, political, and economic innovations. In addition, immigrants were migrating from their native land to live the American dream (Roark 405-407)Read MoreHow Slavery Was a Cause for Civil War576 Words   |  2 PagesThe Civil War began in 1861 and that was during the time when many different events were occurring at this time. One event that was â€Å"somehow† the cause of the Civil War was slavery. Tension was growing stronger be tween people because some were against slavery and some were for slavery. The tension between those people started to segregate them from each other because they had complete opposite views on slavery. There are some events that can help explain how slavery was a cause of the Civil WarRead MoreWas Slavery the Only Cause of the Civil War? Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesWas Slavery the Only Cause of the Civil War? The United States was a divided country long before the Civil War, while some people would argue that slavery was the only cause of the Civil War, it is much more complicated than that. There are many other factors involved, such as irreconcilable differences in terms of their economic, political, and social beliefs on a national scale. Many people including myself had a primitive and unsophisticated view of what caused the Civil War, post war propagandaRead MoreSlavery Of North Americ Was Slavery An Underlying Cause Of The Civil War?1960 Words   |  8 PagesSlavery in North America Slavery was in North America before the English Colonies even settled there. The Spanish brought Africans to North America to replace the Native Americans that they had killed with their diseases (Lecture 1). The question is: why did Africans get chosen to become slaves, and why was slavery an underlying cause of the Civil War? The answer to these question have to deal with the influence of: psychological limitations of whites, the second great awakening, and abolition.Read More Slavery as the Cause of the American Civil War Essay example489 Words   |  2 PagesThe Civil War was caused by many several pressures, principles, and prejudices, fueled by sectional differences, and was finally set into motion by a most unlikely set of political events. From economic differences to political differences all the way up to cultural differences, the North and the South opposed each other. These tensions were further increased after the western expansion of the United States. By the early 18 50’s a civil war was known to be likely coming soon. Economically, theRead MoreTo What Extent Was Slavery the Cause of the American Civil War?4178 Words   |  17 Pagesthe period 1763-1865, how far was the American Civil War caused by long term divisions over the issue of slavery? In his second inaugural address in March 1865, Abraham Lincoln looked back at the beginning of the Civil War four years earlier all knew, he said, that slavery was somehow the cause of the war. This essay will endeavour to discuss the role of long term divisions caused by the slavery debate in the eventual outbreak of the Civil War. In doing so this analysis will encompass theRead MoreHave Historians over Emphasised the Slavery Issue as a Cause of the Civil War?2008 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican Civil War has caused many debates amongst a wide range of historians resulting in many different views being formed on all aspects of the War. The argument whether slavery has been overemphasised is one of great debate. Some historians like Michael F. Holt concur that the slavery issue was nearly the only reason and cause of the American civil war. Others disagree, Joel H. Silbey agrees that this is a reason but not the only one other ideas to need to be looked at to the cause of the outbr eakRead More`` Apostles Of Disunion : Southern Secession Commissioners And The Cause Of The Civil War `` Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War,† Charles B. Dew analyzes the public letters and speeches of white, southern commissioners in order to prove that the Civil War was fought over slavery. By analyzing the public letters and speeches of the commissioners, Dew offers a compelling argument proving that slavery along with the ideology of white supremacy were primary causes of the Civil War. Dew is not only the Ephraim Williams Professor of American HistoryRead MoreThe Causes Of The Civil War1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes of the Civil War were complex and have been controversial since the country began. Some causes include; states’ rights, economics, and slavery. The most recognizable and popular cause is slavery. The freeing of the slaves was an important moral issue at the time and one of the greatest causes of the civil war. It was only by carefully avoiding the moral issue involved in slavery that Northerners and Southerners could meet on any common ground. (Goldston, 79). The time came in which our

Lunar Eclipse and the Blood Moon

The Techniques Used by Bartle, Bogle and Hegarty to...

The Techniques Used by Bartle, Bogle and Hegarty to advertise Levis From the mid 1950s onwards, jeans have been especially associated with particular types of male American youth heroes, including James Dean, the young Marlon Brando, and their sixties followers - heroes who have become symbols of the youth and rebellion in almost all Western cultures. Before World War Two jeans were worn as mens work wear, so that workers had something comfortable to wear but after World War Two, the jeans became very popular with the war heroes who were returning from fighting. Through the 1960s and 1970s, ever since the exportation of jeans from America during the heady days of rock and roll, the†¦show more content†¦They were always considered the tough guys. They thought they could get anything they wanted, and everyone liked and admired them even though they were rebels. Everyone between the age of 15-19 years wanted to be like them and the Levis commercials encouraged teenagers to go out and buy some jeans so they could be rebels too. This is exactly what Bartle, Bogle and Hegarty wanted. They produced a sequence of cinema and television advertisements. All of the advertisements have a shot of the protagonist and show how he will do anything to protect his jeans. For example, in the advertisement The Beach, the Levis Man gets his dog to keep guard over his jeans. Also in the Pawnbroker, the protagonist has to get some money for his car. When he leaves, the owner points to his jeans. You could tell he really didnt want to sell them but had to, in order get some money. All the Levis commercials display an image of sex, youth, freedom and rebellion. In the advertisement Parting, the Levis Man gave a woman a pair of Levi 501s. The women took the jeans home and put them on. To illustrate the image of sex in this advertisement, they show close-ups of the jeans being put on and the buttons being done up slowly. All the songs used in the advertisements were number one hits. The music was

Israel Palestine Conflict Free Essays

Israel-Palestine Conflict Two films, Zero and 5 Broken Cameras, explain the ideologies, policies, and practices in the OPT and Israel. These films show how these ideologies are perpetuating the Israel-Palestine Conflict and suggest ways to end the occupation and problem. Zero looks in depth at the Israel education system and society and 5 Broken Cameras looks at the nonviolent resistance movement in the OPT. We will write a custom essay sample on Israel Palestine Conflict or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both films suggest that this conflict will be never-ending If something does not change soon. This Is because the films show what children learn from the conflict, and how It will continue on both ides because of what is seen and taught by and to children in Israel and the OPT. Zero teaches that ideologies in Israel need to change because children are taught that the violence is Justifiable. 5 Broken Cameras teaches that nonviolent protests and filming are productive ways to help end the occupation. These films together show that It Is extremely necessary for conditions to change because If they do not then the conflict will be carried on and Intensified by future generations. Zero, Slaves of Memory looks into the Israeli society. For a month out of the school ear children in Israeli schools are taught to remember their history. Children of all ages are taught about Passover, the Shoo, and Independence Day. They are taught that horrible things have happened to their people. Through this education all children learn the importance of the Israeli state, army, and a nationalist identity to prevent atrocities from happening to them again. The filmmaker suggests that educators In Israel focus too much on the Holocaust. At one point the Interviewer asks a teacher if Israelis are â€Å"slaves to memory’ (Zero, Part 7, 9:20) because of the education system. The teacher vehemently opposes that statement but the footage speaks for itself. The children who are interviewed seem programmed to answer in certain ways, even though one student argues â€Å"It’s not brainwashing. It’s more part of a tradition† (Part 9, 4:15). This film suggests that education in Israel Is perpetuating the conflict more than anything else. From kindergarten to the army, children of all ages are taught that it is their duty to be willing to die for their country. They are taught that Jews must have an army and independent and sovereign state to fight heir enemies (Part 6, 9:55). The problem with the ideology and education system in Israel is that the most important value taught to children is â€Å"Be a good soldier† rather than â€Å"Be a good person† ((Part 7, 8:12). Dry. Liability suggests that it should not be the Jews who are working hard to remember the tragedies that have happened to them. It Is those who committed the acts. If people define themselves as victims It diverts the mind from all responsibility. He sarcastically says, â€Å"We can kill Arabs in refugee camps because of the terrible things that were done to us† (Part 5, 1:33). Committing so much education to victimized allows Israelis to justify the violence toward the Palestinians, thus allowing the conflict to continue. Billing. The footage shows the men of Billing nonviolently protest Israel’s Wall. He is proof that not even Journalists are safe from Israeli soldiers. His camera was fired at and broken by soldiers multiple times. One reason his cameras are broken is because Israeli soldiers are very uncomfortable with Dam’s filming. Deep down the soldiers seem to know that what they are doing is morally wrong, and so they don’t want the world to see the violence. There is a lack of knowledge about the conflict around the world, and Dam’s footage of tear gas, arrests, shootings, and even the murder of his friend Phil helps spread the truth of who the victims are. Edam parallels the protests with the birth and growth of his son, Gabriel. He shows how children in Billing are affected by the conflict and how they will carry it on when their fathers are gone. Gabriel says he wants to hurt the Israeli soldiers for killing Phil (Cameras, 13). Even after a violent act happens, the anger remains and the children will remember the injustices against their fathers (Cameras, 12). Because of the violence of Israeli soldiers against Palestinians who did not do anything wrong, the conflict is perpetuated by creating more anger and hate between the two sides. Many aspects of these films built on my understanding of what Eve learned about the conflict in class. Zero made me think of the Refusing, or the men who refused to join the army. They were seen as traitors but really they were some of the few who could see that they should be angry at the system for brainwashing children instead of angry with the Palestinians. The system â€Å"perverts the children† (Part 7, 6:57) cause it teaches that nationalism and violence in the name of protecting Israel is the most important value rather than being a decent human being. 5 Broken Cameras built on my understanding of life in the OPT. I have previously learned about and seen footage of the occupation and the horrors that come with it, but this film was the most effective. This is because Dam’s footage lets the experiences speak for themselves instead of an interviewee sharing their political viewpoints. In this way, 5 Broken Cameras is about human beings rather than the politics of the conflict. I have learned many statistics about the OPT but it was instrumental to my understanding to see how a family lives and keeps moral up in the OPT. 5 Broken Cameras teaches that nonviolent demonstrations can be very valuable. It takes a lot of bravery to protest against people with weapons when you do not have a weapon, and it shows who the true victims are. Nonviolent demonstrations show that Palestinians are peaceful and willing to cooperate. It Just does not make sense to fight for peace by using violence. Violent protests by Palestinians allow Israelis to call Palestinians â€Å"terrorists† and make Israelis seem like the victims. If Israeli soldiers are harming peaceful Palestinians, it is more obvious to outsiders who the victim in the situation is. The â€Å"outsiders† aspect is why filming is an important model of nonviolent resistance. Filming is important because it gets the word out more and so more people are able to help and know the truth (Cameras, 15:20). Edam says that people come from all over the world to protest with them and they are treated the same way as Palestinian protestors. Filming does not only show the world the realities of life in the OPT; it also encourages more nonviolent resistance. When Edam shows the nonviolent ways too (Cameras, 34). Methods of nonviolent resistance such as peaceful protests and filming have a higher potential to help end the occupation than violent resistance, but they might not be enough to completely resolve the conflict. The best solution I can see to solving this conflict is to end U. S. Funding to Israel. However, because of Israeli lobbyists that does not seem to be a realistic possibility. Because of this, there needs to be something that forces the United States to end funding to Israel. The UN has not done anything that’s worked for decades so Hereford it is the international community’s duty. Public opinion in America and the rest of the world needs to be strongly anti-lesser funding. A way to do this is to spread the truth of the horrors committed by Israel. Articles written by Journalists visiting the OPT and films like 5 Broken Cameras that show what is happening in the OPT need to get more attention. However, because of American media it is difficult to spread the truth in these ways. Upon doing some research of 5 Broken Cameras, I was surprised to read that the Israeli co-director, David’, said that he thinks that abbey more Israeli activist blood needs to be spilled by Israeli soldiers in order to get the point across. This shocked me because in general I think that nonviolent solutions are best, but it made me consider the validity of this idea. Israel values its own citizens and should not want to harm them. Maybe if more Israeli citizens opposed the wall then Israel would reconsider its practices. However, 5 Broken Cameras shows that the soldiers treat Israeli activists the same as they do the Palestinians. Because of this, I am taking Davit’s idea a step further. When even one American tourist or Journalist dies abroad at the hand of another country soldiers or police, people know about it because it is highly publicized. If more activists from around the world and particularly from America went and protested with the Palestinians in the OPT then maybe the United States government would stop funding Israel because it is killing American citizens. If more Americans were dying at the hands of weapons funded by America, the public would be furious. I think the best way to help end this conflict is to end funding to Israel, and maybe the best way o force funding to stop is for tons of people to be really angry about it. It is not a pleasant solution, but highly publicized deaths of citizens of powerful countries could be a way to force the U. S. To stop Israel’s violence. Another potential way to help end the conflict is Israeli-Palestinian cooperation. 5 Broken Cameras is co-directed by an Israeli, therefore making it a Palestinian-Israeli film. This film shows teamwork between Israelis and Palestinians. This makes the film successful because it shows that Israelis and Palestinians are not natural born enemies and that cooperation is Seibel and productive. If the two communities started working together and were willing to compromise then the conflict could be solved without outside influence. This solution would work in a perfect world but it is unlikely to happen. Zero and 5 Broken Cameras are very different films about the Israel-Palestine conflict but the theme is the same: something needs to change and soon. Actions need to be taken by both sides to help end the conflict. Palestinians in the OPT must focus on nonviolent resistance and filming their experiences to help bring an end to the hat â€Å"There is no lesson to be learned from the Shoo† (Part 8, 2:1 1) and that if Israeli education continues the way it is then they are headed towards destruction. Israeli soldiers are taught that they are doing the right thing in the name of nationalism, but violence by soldiers in the OPT promotes anger among Palestinians and a lessening chance of cooperation. Children on both sides will grow up and continue the fight of their parents. These films show that this conflict is a vicious cycle and if a solution is not found soon the situation will intensify and worsen. How to cite Israel Palestine Conflict, Papers

Communication Behavior and Social Networking

Question: Discuss about theCommunicationfor Behavior and Social Networking. Answer: Self-Disclosure can help to Deepen Relationships, but it also has some Risks Broadbent (2013) has stated that self-disclosure is seen as a useful approach for sharing data with others. It can be stated that by sharing data and information, people become more intimate with some other people and thus interpersonal relationships are largely strengthened. It can be stated that willful self-disclosure would constantly have a significant impact on the expansion upholding as well as worsening of associations (Kossen, Kiernan Lawrence, 2013). That is the procedure mainly public are wired and thus it can be stated that the effect of those revelations would be optimistic or unconstructive based on a diversity of the features. Petty and Cacioppo (2012) have mentioned in his research paper that self-disclosure is a significant element for those relationships that are gradually developing. Gradual as well as communal exposures as associations enlarge in order to assist promoting faith and thorough understanding. At the same time, it can be stated that the overturn can al so be factual, as the listener might not respond positively, for anything the reason, to the revelation. This response usually results in reduced or even disengaged associations (Habermas, 2015). Petty and Cacioppo (2012) have mentioned in his research paper that self-disclosure is one of the prime notions of the social penetration hypothesis. This refers to the steady procedure of recounting ones internal identity. This procedure is probable only after a recognized familiarity and proximity. It can be stated that it is moderately hard for a person to reveal all the top secrets to another person he hardly knows and this is practically not possible for a being to unveil the deepest coatings of him or herself. Derlaga and Berg (2013) has explained in his research paper that self-disclosure is mainly enlightening when the giving out is in the present and slightest revealing when the giving out is all about the earlier period. It can be mentioned that disclosure might contain sharing both the high-risk and low-risk data as well as understandings, notions and attitudes, feelings and values, many past stories, life incidents and even future anticipation, dreams, ambition as well as goals. Therefore, it is understood that sharing information or self-disclosure often helps in deepening a relationship, but at the same time, it plays a negative role in harming a relationship. Taddei and Contena (2013) have stated that competent communicators utilize self-disclosure selectively. In this part, focus would be shed on the risks related to self-disclosure and these have been mentioned in details here. Personal Risks Baudrillard and Violeau (2012) have mentioned in his research paper that more a people disclose about himself to others, the more parts of life the people expose to probable attacks. Particularly in the competitive background of work, the further that others identify regarding the people, the more they will be capable to utilize alongside that person (Taddei Contena, 2013). Relationship Risks It can be stated that even in close as well as continuing associations, self-disclosure can easily cause issues. Parents, usually the most compassionate people in most individuals lives, recurrently refuse children who divulge their homosexuality, their intentions to get married someone of a dissimilar race or their faith in another devotion (Kossen, Kiernan Lawrence, 2013). It has been found that the best friends and the closest intimates as well might reject a person for the similar kind of self-disclosure (Castells, 2013). Professional Risks As per the viewpoint shared by Derlaga and Berg (2013), it can be found out that occasionally self-disclosure might cause proficient or material fatalities. Politicians who openly unveil that they have been in rehabilitation, might lose the support of their own following party and find out that the votes are reluctant to ballot for them (Kossen, Kiernan Lawrence, 2013). Apart from that, many examples are there that the teachers who disclose disagreement with the administrations of the schools might find out themselves being deprived of occupancy, teaching undesirable schedules and becoming the victims of the cutting of the budgets (Taddei Contena, 2013). Besides these two, in the business world as well, self-disclosure of alcoholism or drug addiction most of the times results in dismissal, demotion or social exclusion (Taddei Contena, 2013). Apart from these, it can be stated that self-disclosure has the probability to damage the associations in many cases. It can be found out that in a significant companionship or association, huge amount of data can generate permanent damages and this can ruin many relationships. Illuminating secreted requirements and some other unenthusiastic self-revelations is certain to have a thorough effect on an association. It can be stated that the other side of this case is the person who declines to disclose anything to those he or she is neighboring to and this lack of trust most of the times results in hurt and distrust for the friend or the life partner. Therefore, it can be stated that keeping balance as well as perspective in every area of a relationship or friendship would assist to make sure its success. Self-disclosure, when utilized in an unbiased and appropriate way is one instrument to developing and upholding successful relationships. Derlega (2013) has said that when self-disclo sure is utilized as a bludgeon or is not used at all, associations are probable to depreciate. Self-disclosure can be analyzed through Johari Window, as this theory is useful in understanding what elements of human beings are unlock, concealed, sightless and unidentified. On axis of Johari Window symbolizes belongings that are known to oneself and the other axis symbolizes that things that are acknowledged to others. The quantity of data that is candidly recognized to others differs depended on the relational circumstance (Sprecher et al., 2013). It is regardless to say that when a person is with the close associates, there is possibly many data already in the open panel and when you are with the close family; there is probably a huge amount of data in the open pane too. In that case, information could be different, though, as the family might know much more regarding your earlier period and the friends might know more about your present (Nguyen, Bin Campbell, 2012). References Baudrillard, J., Violeau, J. L. (2012). The ecstasy of communication. Broadbent, D. E. (2013).Perception and communication. Elsevier. Castells, M. (2013).Communication power. OUP Oxford. Derlaga, V. J., Berg, J. H. (Eds.). (2013).Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy. Springer Science Business Media. Derlega, V. J. (Ed.). (2013).Communication, intimacy, and close relationships. Elsevier. Habermas, J. (2015).Communication and the Evolution of Society. John Wiley Sons. Kossen, C., Kiernan, E., Lawrence, J. (2013). Communicating for success (1st ed.). Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Nguyen, M., Bin, Y. S., Campbell, A. (2012). Comparing online and offline self-disclosure: A systematic review.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking,15(2), 103-111. Petty, R., Cacioppo, J. T. (2012).Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. Springer Science Business Media. Sprecher, S., Treger, S., Wondra, J. D., Hilaire, N., Wallpe, K. (2013). Taking turns: Reciprocal self-disclosure promotes liking in initial interactions.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(5), 860-866. Taddei, S., Contena, B. (2013). Privacy, trust and control: Which relationships with online self-disclosure?.Computers in Human Behavior,29(3), 821-826.

Much Ado about Nothing Act 2 analysis Essay Example For Students

Much Ado about Nothing Act 2 analysis Essay Much Ado About Nothing is a play about love, relationships, truth and illusion, reality and disguise, trickery, deception, male honor and female virtue, and villainy. This play set in Messina, Sicily and is based around about the contrasting relationships of two couples the witty and unconventional couple of Benedick and Beatrice, who are described by Don Pedro, the prince, as fighting the merry war and the conventional romantic couple of Hero, daughter of the governor of Messina and Claudio, hero of the recent victorious war. Benedick was man who never could decipher love, could never demonstrate any slight hint of sympathy towards it, mocked and scorned at people who believed in it, and felt hed rather stay a bachelor all his life, than marry. He thought of women as unfaithful and disloyal, and could never trust a lady. He was an intelligent speaker and loved to disdain, mock and tease others, especially Beatrice. Beatrice too, like Benedick had similar views on marriage and believed that no man was perfect enough to be her husband. She had a sharp tongue and loved to quarrel with Benedick. Little did both of them know that behind all those hurling insults and mockery was a glimpse of love. Claudio and Hero are a passionate and idealistic couple who are madly in love with each other and show immense affection toward each other. Amidst all these relationships, is Don John the bastard (illegitimate son), a sour and gloomy character, who is always looking to engage with trouble and looking to create chaos and turmoil just when everything seems fine. Much Ado About Nothing is also about deception and illusion blended skillfully with truth and reality. Act 2, of this play is a fine example of these themes- trickery, deception and illusion. One of the first examples of deception takes place in the first scene itself, in the mysterious masked ball, when Beatrice see through the concealed face of Benedick, and takes the full advantage of the golden opportunity to make as many wittily insulting and contemptuously mocking comments at that Signor Benedick, the princes jester a very dull fool, whose only gift is in devising impossible slanders. These words stung Benedick like a needle and marred his own reputation which was extremely important to him. Benedick, who was unaware that Beatrice identified him through his subterfuge, was living in a false impression. Outraged by Beatrices vituperative remarks, which he did not know were said jokingly, he felt humiliated, and shamed to be called a fool. His hatred for Beatrice went beyond imagination, and he was livid at her volley of words. He disliked like being disgraced and ashamed. In the same masked ball itself it was Don John who gave Claudio the astonishing and tragic news that Don Pedro, the prince has fallen in love with Hero, and that the prince is marry her the very night itself. Claudio again in a misapprehension, was torn apart with this catastrophic and heartbreaking news. He claimed that friendship was important in every aspect of life, except in the affairs of love. He said that all hearts in love, are blinded and therefore, no agent can be trusted as beauty is a witch, against whose charms, faith melts into blood. Claudio was a shattered man, devastated and distressed at the fact that his beloved Hero was not his any more, while Don John got a thrill out of the cascading effect his own craftsmanship. Another example for the theme of trickery, is much later when Benedick, recovered from his resentment towards Beatrice. Benedick was cleverly hiding behind the arbor, when they eyes of Don Pedro glance over him. Don Pedro who had made his intentions clear of setting up Benedick and Beatrice wanted to influence Benedick. .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 , .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 .postImageUrl , .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 , .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3:hover , .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3:visited , .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3:active { border:0!important; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3:active , .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3 .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u48347ee449980a1722a3c4f607983de3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis of TV's Mad Men EssayDon Pedro, accompanied by Leonato, Heros father and Claudio ( who now knew that Don Pedro did not betray him), together, began talking loudly about how Beatrice was intensely love with Benedick. They said Beatrice loved Benedick with enraged affection and that she swore to never make her love for him known. All three of them were full of praise for Beatrice, much to the dismay of Benedick. They claimed she was an excellent sweet lady and out of suspicion, virtuous, exceedingly wise and beautiful. In the case of Benedick, however, they were particularly detrimental and critical. They said Benedick did not deserve such a sweet lady and that Beatrice was way out of Benedicks league. They claimed he was cowardly, and dealt with quarrels with a christianlike fear. They went about how Benedick would mock her and deride her emotions, if she told him of her love and how Benedick was unfeeling and insensitive towards someones sentiment . Benedick after hearing all of his shortcomings, was a changed man. Surprisingly, he took all the criticism, and condemnation of Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio very positively and believed he was fortunate enough to hear his limitations and failing with his own ears, so that he can put all those weaknesses, to mending. He began to realize that Beatrice is actually wise, virtuous and a fair lady. He suddenly began to admire her, for what she was. He said he too would love her, the same way she did. He claimed that once upon a time, when he said would die a bachelor, he earnestly never imagined in the craziest of dreams that he would live till we was married, but then came Beatrice. He also began wondering about how she showed her fondness towards him. Act 2 was a prime example of the themes of trickery, deception and illusion, and illustrated these themes beautifully. On one hand there was the truth and reality, and on the other hand were illusions, misapprehensions and false understanding, leading to various reactions and building up to the plot. This created an atmosphere of suspense, anxiety and tension leaving innumerable questions unanswered. Will Beatrice realize Benedick loves her, and that he thinks she loves him as well? Will Don John malicious plot of making Claudio believe Hero is entertaining a man in her bedroom work out? How will Benedick and Beatrice eventually fall in love? Will all these queries unfold in Act 3? Act 2 unlike Act 1 was mostly based on the forming of the relationship between Benedick and Beatrice, while Act 1 was about Claudio and Hero. Who knows, Act 3 might reveal and unravel more secrets, deceptions and disguises, take us furtherer into the plot and get us closer and closer to the climax.

Soccer free essay sample

Neymar da silva santos junior Neymar is a Brazilian football players he is one of the most popular and best football player in the word and he is only twenty years old. He play in Santos CF but he has offers of the best football clubs around the word he is the most wanted player in Europe and he is probably the future of the national team. He start playing football very young and in 2003 Neymar join Santos football club academy, at the age of 15 he earn 10,000 real per month. In 2009 he earn the opportunity to be in the first team of Santos CF. Then he start to show his real potential and he became the new idol of Brazil. This young player of just 4 years of his professional career has achieve a lot of goals and he has earn a lot of trophies like the silver medal of the Olympic games and the best player of the paulista championship in 2012. We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The only problem with Neymar is that he doesn? t want to emigrate to Europe yet he wants to stay in Brazil but as Pele said ? If he want to be the best he must be with the best? o he must emigrate to Europe that’s what most people think and that may happen this winter and in my opinion if Neymar decide to emigrate to Europe he can be better than Messi, Maradona and even Pele who is the greatest football player in history. References http://www. squidoo. com/Neymar#module147735293, Copyright  © 2012, Squidoo, LLC and respective copyright owners http://www. neymaroficial. com/Carreira, Copyright 2012. Site Oficial do Jogador Neymar Jr | desenvolvido por Insanemedia / WooW! Brasil | marketing digita http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Neymar

Flanking in a Price War essays

Flanking in a Price War essays The article Flanking in a Price War discusses a pricing experiment that was conducted in the Quebec grocery industry. The experiment was initiated by a grocery chain in Quebec that was concerned about a possible price war between the major players in the market. Given in the article is a background of the Quebec grocery industry and its typical pricing strategies and marketing theory. It also discusses the different ways to look at pricing tactics other than the traditional price slashing that had happened before. The experiment looks at other ways to categorize products that may react differently to pricing changes. The Bayesian theory of using the knowledge of prior events to predict future events in implemented in executing the results of the experiment The article first focuses on the Steinberg grocery chain. In the late 80s Steinberg needed to increase their market share. It was expected that they would lower their prices and start a price war like they have in the past. IGA- Boni, one of the four major players in the Quebec grocery industry, was concerned over this possibility as they would need to react to any price changes to keep their market share, but doing so would cause large profit losses. The president of IGA-Boni called upon university staff in both Canada and the United States to come up with an alternative game plan. They came up with the following experiment. Previous to this experiment, it was generally thought that price inversely affects quantity sold. A very important proposal in this experiment suggests that there are different price strategies for different types of products. Specifically in this case, stock up and non-stock up goods. Stock up goods are usually non-perishables items; i.e. canned goods, soap or goods that come in large convenient sizes. The non-stock up goods would be the perishable goods like fresh vegetables or milk and space limited items li...

Class log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class log - Essay Example uld involve making a decision against one or more employees without giving due consideration to their performing abilities and other morally legitimate qualifications and experiences. Secondly, the decision may originate solely on the basis of racial or sexual prejudice and other types of morally unjustifiable notions. Thirdly, the decisions could have harmful effects on employee morale and their interests which may include hiring for employment, promotion and work assignments of the employees. In addition to the above, the text also delves into wage differences among employees based on their race and gender. According to the book the comparison of the average incomes for men and women reveals that women earn much lesser compared to men. The various media reports published further substantiates this claim. This is considered to be one of the reasons for discrimination of women employees in the workplace. Such discriminations result in the violation of the person`s basic moral rights. Reading the content in the text, reminds me of a similar situation faced by my brother when he applied for a financial analyst position in a company in China. One of his female friends had also applied to the same position along with him. Their educational qualifications, work experiences and personal qualities were similar in many aspects. However, in the end my brother was appointed for the position and his friend was not considered as the company simply assumed that women were more likely to quit jobs after they get married or have children. Thus despite similar qualifications and experiences employers prefer to hire men in most cases. Such discrimination of women based on gender is morally unjust and such attributes is mostly based on stereotypes which consider women to be emotional and

Company Report of Barratt Developments PLC Essay

Company Report of Barratt Developments PLC - Essay Example In the comparison of the company’s recent performance to that of its closest competitor, Taylor Wimpey Plc it is noted that thou it generates more revenue than this competitor it posted lower profits due to huge expenditure arising from a huge debt repayment. Under the third section of the report, the strategies of market penetration and development are presented as the reasoned strategies for the future economic success of the company. 1.0 Introduction The historical background of the modern housing sector in the United Kingdom indicate that initially the sector was dominated by the government and private companies, which constructed houses for their workers but there was very little participation of private specialized construction companies. However, this changed with the increased pressure to adopt the neo-liberalization economic practices that encouraged privatization of most public corporations and led to the emergence of specialized construction companies, which revolut ionized the housing sector and resulted in the development of unique, well-designed, and constructed houses and business premises (Lowe, 2011). This report focuses on the Barratt Development PLC, which is among the largest residential property development companies in the United Kingdom. It has been in operation since 1958 and is largely acclaimed with the development of the UK residential property sector (Lowe, 2011). This study will commence by looking into the economic environment in which the Barratt Development PLC operates. Secondly, it will critically appraise the company’s financial performance in the recent years whilst comparing it to its closest competitor. Lastly, the study will incorporate an economic model and provide related information as appropriate in order to devise reasoned strategies for the future economic success Barratt Development Plc. 2.0 Economic environment in which Barratt Developments PLC operates Among the crucial economic factors that can indic ate the health of the UK economic environment in which Barratt Developments PLC operates in include interest rates and the prevailing income levels (Myers, 2013). This discussion will also incorporate an analysis of the impact of government policies on the housing sector and their impact on the operations of Barratt Developments Plc. 2.1 Interest rates In the studies conducted by Myers (2013), he stated that the interest rate levels within a country largely determine the accessibility of credit and in this case the accessibility of mortgage. The rate of interest at which borrowers are going to repay back their mortgage largely determines the booms and busts on the UK’s house prices. If the rate of interest charged on mortgage finance is considerably high, first time homebuyers will be discouraged and this will lead to a bust in the housing prices due to the low demand. If the level of interest rate is perceived to be at an affordable rate then first time homebu

Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Bilateral Trade Flows

Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Bilateral Trade Flows Chapter 1: Introduction The relationship between exchange rate volatility and trade flows has been extensively reviewed in literature. Exchange rate volatility refers to the extent to which prices of currencies tend to fluctuate over time. Theoretical literature has provided diverging views on the effect on exchange rate volatility on trade flows. Some authors argue that an increase in exchange rate volatility implies that risk averse firms are faced with uncertainty with respect to their earnings and hence would generally respond by redirecting their activity to local markets. On the other hand, other researchers pointed out that when the assumption of risk aversion is lifted, it can be argued that market participants are more likely to take advantage of the fluctuations in the exchange rate so as to increase their profits which will cause an increase in international trade. The various empirical studies carried out on this topic have not been able to establish a clear link between exchange rate volatility and trade. Therefore from both theoretical and empirical point of view, the relationship between exchange rate and volatility is ambiguous. Mauritius is often cited as an example of a country which has undergone successful trade liberalization and export-led growth. It is also said that trade policies has shaped the countrys path of industrial development, contributing to over two decades of steady growth and propelling the country in the ranks of the â€Å"newly industrialized economies†. However since the 1960s, the Mauritius has experienced much changes and reforms in its trade policy. Early trade policies adopted by Mauritius involved an import substitution strategy while at the same time providing incentives for export promotion. However as from the 1980s, Mauritius moved towards a more outward-oriented strategy and embarked on trade liberalisation. Imports restrictions and tariffs were reduced while economic stability was maintained. By the mid-1990s, Mauritius had one of the most liberal economic regimes in Africa. Incentives for export promotion like tax incentives, preferential rates of borrowing and so o n were maintained. One of the key factors of exports competitiveness is the level of exchange rate in Mauritius which had to be kept low. In addition the exchange rate regime itself in Mauritius has been deregulated over the years in a set of financial liberalisation measures. The exchange rate regime in Mauritius has also evolved from a fixed exchange rate system to a manage float one. In the 1970s, Mauritius adopted a pegged exchange rate system where the rupee was first pegged to the sterling. The rupee started floating vis-à  -vis other foreign currencies in June 1972 while still being pegged to the sterling. However as from 1976, the Mauritian rupee was delinked from the sterling and was pegged to the SDR. The rupee-SDR peg lasted for seven years and as from 1983 Mauritius pegged its currency to a trade-weighted basket of currencies. This is because the appreciation of the dollar US which had the highest weight in the SDR basket caused the rupee to appreciate considerably and hence causing inflation. Hence the Mauritian rupee had to be delinked to the SDR. In the 1990s, Mauritius embarked on a set of financial li beralisation reforms and in 1994 exchange rate controls were removed and Mauritius adopted a manage float exchange rate regime. The evolution of the exchange rate system from a fixed to a manage float one implies that the exchange rate in Mauritius is subject to wider fluctuations. This begs the question whether the fluctuations in the rupee has any significant impact on the volume of trade in Mauritius and which of the theories advanced by researchers is applicable for Mauritius. Bilateral trade between Mauritius and USA is considered to assess this question. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: Chapter 2 presents a broad survey of the literature concerning the relationship between trade and exchange rate volatility. Chapter 3 describes the model that will be used and presents the methodology that will be applied. Chapter 4 presents the empirical findings of our study and the interpretation of our results. Finally chapter 5 presents the summary and conclusion of our study and also provides some policy implications and implications. 2.1 Introduction The 1970s saw the demise of the Bretton Woods system since a fixed exchange rate system no longer appeared feasible given the speculative flows of the currencies. This led to the adoption of a freely-floating exchange rate regime by many countries. Since March 1973, exchange rates have become more volatile and less predictable than they were during the fixed exchange rate period when changes occurred infrequently. There have been considerable investigations on the effect of Exchange rate volatility on the volume of trade. The increase in the risk of international transactions led researchers to investigate the exchange rate volatility-trade flows connection. Investigators argue that variability increases uncertainty and risk which causes firms to produce less than they would produce under certainty. This view was supported by Baron(1970), Clark(1973) and Ethier(1973). Empirical studies which yielded a negative relationship between exchange rate volatility and trade include Akhtar and Hilton(1984), Fountas and Aristotelous(1999), Arize(1997, 1998a and 1998b) and Rose(2000). However other authors have rejected this view, arguing that the exchange rate volatility have very little or at times even positive impact on trade volume. Researchers like Hooper and Kohlhagen (1978), Bahmani et Tavlas(1988), Bahmani et al.(1993), Bailey, Tavlas and Ulan(1987), found evidence of a negative effect of exchange rate uncertainty on trade volume, the effect was insignificant. Klassen(2004) also found no significant relationship between Exchange rate volatility and international trade. Research conducted by McKenzie and Brooks(1997), Franke(1991), Neumann(1995), Viaena and Vries(1992) and Baum et al(2004) on the other hand found a positive relationship between exchange rate volatility and trade. Other researchers like Cushman(1983) on the other hand obtained mixed results. This chapter provides an overview of the vast literature that covers this particular issue of exchange rate volatility and trade. Section 2.2.1 provides an overview traditional exports and imports functions used in most studies and their findings. Section 2.2.2 elaborates on additional factors which have been used in empirical studies. Finally section 2.2.2.4 outlines the research carried out to determine the relationship between exchange rate volatility and trade. Literature defines volatility as the tendency of prices to fluctuate either up or down. Exchange rate volatility is in fact a measure of how exchange rate changes over time. It has been argued that exchange rate volatility has a significant impact of the level of trade. First we will discuss the various factors that have an impact of trade in an economy. 2.2 Determinants of Bilateral Trade Flows Most of the empirical works used the traditional export and import demand models. While the traditional models were deemed to be significant in explaining trade, these works were often deemed to be unsatisfactory since several key determinants of trade were omitted which led to unreliable results and conclusions. Therefore, the traditional trade function was used in addition to other explanatory variables. Nevertheless, the major contribution of the traditional trade model in explaining exports and imports cannot be ignored. 2.2.1 Traditional Export Demand Function The traditional export demand function commonly used by many studies was expressed as a function of real income, relative prices and/or exchange rate. This was termed by Goldstein and Khan (1985) as the imperfect substitute model. An aggregate export demand linking real exports with a measure of foreign real income and relative prices is an important element in most conventional trade models. In theory, the higher the foreign income, the higher the demand for export. This is because an increase in foreign income is relative to an increase in the purchasing power of the foreign economy. Likewise an increase in domestic income will increase the demand for imports. Real foreign income were normally proxied using real GDP or real GNP or index of industrial production of the foreign economy. Relative prices were also included in the model. Relative prices are an indicator of a countries competitiveness and are normally proxied by the ratio of foreign prices to domestic prices or the ratio of import prices to import prices. Exports and relative prices is expected to have a positive relationship since an increase in relative prices implies that foreign prices are increasing which means that the competitiveness of exports is increasing. One of the most influential empirical work on export demand was that of Senhadji and Montenegro(1999) who estimated demand elasticities for a large number of developing and industrial countries using OLS and Phillip Hansenss fully modified ordinary least square techniques. They found that exports react to both the trade partners income and to relative prices in a large sample of both developing and industrial countries. Marquez and McNeilly(1988) examined income and price elasticities for exports of non-OPEC developing countries using quarterly data for 1973-84. This study was based on the two-stage square estimation technique. Import prices, real income and lagged endogenous variables were the main explanatory variables. They found a positive and significant income elasticities for exports and a significant relationship between prices and exports. Among other prominent empirical works which find a positive and significant relationship between trade and income are Sachs and Warner(19 95), Frankel and Romer(1999) and Edwards(1998). Wu(2004)constructed a foreign trade model for China using error correction model. They found a significant and inelastic relationship between relative price and export demand. Other empirical works included exchange rate as a determinant of export in their model. It is widely known in the international trade literature that a change in real exchange rates will affect trade flows directly with all other things being equal. A change in the real exchange rate rather than a change in the nominal exchange rate will affect exports and imports under the Generalized Marshall-Lerner condition. Also real exchange rate is another important measure of a countrys competitiveness. Real exchange rate is the nominal exchange rate that has been adjusted for inflation differentials. A real depreciation or devaluation of domestic currency will lead to an improvement in trade flows of a country and vice versa. This is because if the price of the currency of a country is low, its exports will be cheaper hence demand for its exports will increase. Imports also will be affected since imports will appear more expensive to local residents. However empirical works have found diverg ing results when assessing whether exchange rate have any effects on trade. Miles (1979) tested the effects of devaluation by entering the exchange rate directly into the trade flows. The results obtained were not conclusive since the exchange rate coefficient with respect to trade flows was significant in only three out of 14 cases examined. Warner and Kreinin(1983) specified the determinants of trade flows of 19 developing countries using conventional models. They found that the effect of real exchange rate changes on the volume of exports are significant as predicted by the theory. Similarly Himarios(1989) reassessed the impact of devaluation on real magnitude of trade flows and found that real exchange rates had a significant effect on trade flows. Rose (1991) analysed the relationship between the effective real exchange rate and the real trade flows for five major Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United States. He found no relationship between these two variables, and thus the generalized Marshall-Lerner condition did not hold. Bahmani-Oskooee and Malixi (1992) based their work on Almon lag structure on real exchange rate but found no support for a relationship between trade and real exchange rate. However on employing the Engle-Granger cointegration approach, Bahmani-Oskooee and Alse (1994) assert that the long-run impact of devaluation on the trade balance model is positive. Bahmani-Oskooee concluded that trade flows are more responsive to changes in relative prices and to changes in the exchange rates in the long run than in the short run. Brada et al. (1997), who divided the data set into two sub-samples, reports no long-run relationship between the variables of the trade balance function in the 1970s but they have revealed reverse results for the 1980s Kale (2001) points out that a real depreciation of the domestic currency helps to improve the trade balance with a lag of about one-year and the impacts of devaluations on the trade balance are positive in the long-run. Haque et al.(1990) used a generalised non-linear 3-staged least square estimation for the period 1963-87. They used a conventional model where real imports is expressed as a function of real domestic output, real exchange rate and a lagged import term. All signs were significant. Real imports were found to be real exchange and income inelastic. While the above factors were used as the main determinants of exports, there are also other also factors which are important determinants of trade. 2.2.2 Other factors affecting bilateral trade 2.2.2.1 Inflation rate and trade Inflation is defined as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. High inflation is like to have a negative effect on trade flows because it reduces exports competitiveness and makes imports cheaper. When domestic price rises, foreign goods are relatively cheaper (ceteris paribus) and demand for imports should increase, Inflation adversely affects some sections of the population, distorts relative prices, erodes value of financial assets and creates uncertainty and instability in the economy. This may lead to an overall decrease in output in the economy since investors and producers is faced with uncertainty about future prices and economic outcome. Gylfason(1998) used cross-sectional data covering 160 countries for the period 1985-1994 and found that high inflation tended to be associated with low exports in proportion to GDP. Kotan and Saygili(1999) found that inflation rate significantly and positively affect non-oil exportati on in the long-run while in short run inflation did not have any significant impact of non-oil production. 2.2.2.2 Investment and Trade   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are valid theoretical reasons why a high investment ratio should give rise to a strong export growth performance. One theoretical background is provided by Ghosh and Chandrasekhar(2001). They stated that the rate at which international trade grows varies over any period. Also a countrys ability to increase its exports would depend on its production structure and the rate at which this structure is changing. Furthermore, countries normally engage in international trade by XXXodernizesXXXg in the production of certain commodities only. Therefore a countrys ability to increase its exports will therefore depend on its capacity to rapidly transform its production structure in the direction of commodities where world trade would grow faster. The rapidity of this transformation is linked to the investment ratio(ratio of investment to GDP), that is the higher the investment ratio, the higher the rate of transformation of the production-structure and hence the greate r the ability of the country to participate in world trade, that is the greater the rate of export growth. Also production capacity, potential productivity, cost effectivesness, production process will all be increased by properly-oriented investment and hence export competitiveness should also increase. Investment is said to enlarge the production base and thus increasing production capacity. It XXXodernizes production processes and thus improving cost effectiveness. It also allows for the production of new and improved products, increasing value added in production. In addition it incorporates international world-class innovations and quality standards. All this leads to an active participation in international trade and favourably affects exports. Patnaik and Chandrasekhar(1996) in their research analysed cross sectional data for 25 developing countries for 20 years and found a positive relationship between investment-ratio and export growth. FDI is said to foster innovation and competitiveness in the local industry. Moreover it contributes to technological innovation and increased production capacity in the domestic economy. Another import element of investment is foreign direct investment(FDI) which has been argued to be a prominent factor in promoting exports. Horst(1972), Lipsey and Weiss(1984), Head and Ries(2001) and Camarero and Tamarit(2004) are among the authors that find a positive relationship between FDI and trade. 2.2.2.3 Capacity Utilisation and Trade Capacity utilization refers to the extent to which an enterprise or a nation actually uses its installed productive capacity. Thus, it refers to the relationship between actual output that is produced with the installed equipment and the potential output which could be produced if capacity was fully used. From theoretical and empirical point of view, the relationship between capacity utilisation and exports is ambiguous. On one hand, researchers argue that when firms uses excess capacity, this will increase to a general increase in capacity utilisation and will lead to an increase in output. It will be possible for firms to export more. Productivity also may increase since firms are employing more of their excess capacity. Likewise an increase in foreign capacity utilisation is likely to have a negative impact on domestic exports. This is because an increase in foreign capacity utilisation means firms are able to increase their productivity and output. Also Hooper and Kohlagen(1978) who were the first to introduce capacity utilisation in their model to determine the relationship between exchange rate volatility and exports, argued that as domestic capacity utilisation increases, domestically produced goods are delivered with longer lags and hence decreasing quantity demanded of imports. Likewise an increase in foreign capacity should decrease the demand of exports. Correa, Dayoub and Francisco(2007) in their study found that domestic capacity utilisation positively affect export intensity of Ecuador. On the other hand other authors argue that exports growth is possible mainly in the presence of large unemployment of domestic resources. Dunlevy(1979) and Artus(1977) argued that in the long run an increase in capacity utilisation will reduce the quantity of exports and increase the export prices. However Medhora(1990) found that both domestic and foreign capacity utilisation was insignificant in explaining West African imports. 2.2.2.4 Exchange Rate Volatility and trade Basic uncertainty trade models   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The traditional models examine the behaviour of undiversified firms and are based on the assumption that the firms profitability is linked directly and unambiguously to the movement in one bilateral exchange rate. The variability of that exchange rate is assumed to measure the risk to the firm in conducting trade. Therefore in the simplest model, higher exchange rate risk is assumed to have a negative impact on trade, since it creates uncertainty with respect to profits of firms exports and, hence, lead risk-averse exporters to reduce their supply of exports, an effect that increases with the degree of risk aversion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An example provided by Clark(1973) can be used to illustrate the concept of how exchange rate volatility can affect the level of a firms exports. Clark develops a model of a firm operating under competitive conditions. In the simplest version described, it is assumed that the firm produces a homogeneous commodity which is sold entirely in a foreign market. The firm has no market power and its does not import any inputs and the production decision is taken before observing exchange rate volatility, therefore output is constant over the planning horizon. Also the price of the exported good in foreign currency is an exogenous variable. The firm in paid in foreign currency and hedging possibilities such as forwards or futures market is very limited. The firm converts its proceeds from exports at the current exchange rates. Given the above assumptions, variability in the exchange rate will affect the firms level of profits since output cannot be altered in response to a favourable or unfavourable move in the profitability of exports due to exchange rate movements and there are also limited hedging techniques. Therefore uncertainty about future exchange rates translates into uncertainty on future export receipts in domestic currency. This uncertainty will be considered by the firm when deciding on the level of exports. The firm maximises the expected value of utility which is assumed to take the following quadratic form: U(p)= a p +b p2 Under conditions of risk aversion (b   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However the above analysis is based on a number of restrictive assumptions. Other researchers attempted to examine the relationship between exchange rate variability and trade flows by relaxing some of the assumptions like no hedging possibilities while still maintaining the risk aversion theory. Clark (1973) notes that while risk-aversion among traders might depress the volume of a countrys exports, perfect forward markets might reduce this effect. Advanced economies have well developed forward markets where specific transactions can be easily hedged, thus reducing exposure to unforeseen movements in exchange rates. However most developing countries do not have access to such markets for currencies. Baron (1976) finds that forward markets may not be sufficiently developed, and traders may still be unsure of how much foreign exchange they want to cover. In addition, Baron provides another approach to the model developed by Clark by relaxing the assumptions of perf ect competition and by emphasising on the role of the currency in which the products are invoiced. He argues that invoicing in a foreign currency will result in a price risk. When an exporting firm invoices its commodity in foreign currency, it is faced with the risk of variations in the foreign exchange which will affect revenue. The quantity demanded will however remain the same since the price will not change over the contract period and hence the firm cannot benefit from fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate. When invoicing in home currency, the exporter will face a quantity risk. This is because the quantity demanded will be uncertain since the price of the commodity to the buyer will be uncertain. The firm will also face uncertainties regarding its cost of production since the assumption that the firm will not import factor inputs is relaxed. In both cases the risk averse firm will try to minimise its risk exposure either by expanding or contracting supply. Baron shows tha t an increase in risk will cause prices to rise which will result in an increase in supply. The higher price reduces expected profits since demand is elastic at optimal prices, but it increases expected utility. On the other hand, if the firm invoices in domestic currency, its response will depend on the properties of the demand function in the destination market. Baron shows that if the function is linear, prices will decrease resulting in an increased demand. However the price-cost margin decreases which reduces the expectation and variance of profits. Also, under the basic model, changes in exchange rate does not have any effect on real opportunities available to the firm. Firms are held to be risk averse and factor inputs are assumed to be fixed. They are also assumed to make production and export decisions before the exchange rate is known and inventories are ignored. When the assumption of risk aversion is lifted, the negative relationship between exports and exchange rate volatility can even be reversed. De Grauwe(1988) developed a model that shows that the effect of volatility on trade will depend on the degree of risk aversion. He argued that firms with a slight degree of risk aversion will decrease their exports whereas very risk averse firms will increase exports so as to avoid a drastic decrease in their export revenues caused by higher exchange rate volatility. Franke(1991) showed in given a monopolistic setting, risk neutral firms may increase exports if exchange rate volatility increases. The theory that trade may be a ffected by exchange rate volatility is also based on the assumption that factor inputs cannot be altered so as to adjust optimally to a change in exchange rates. If firms are able to adjust one or more factors of production with respect to a change in exchange rates, variations in exchange rate may provide firm with the possibility of making a profit. This view was analysed by Canzoneri et al.(2004), De Grauwe(1992) and Gros(1987). In addition, Clark et al.(2004) affirm that there are several other factors which can reduce the negative effects of exchange rate volatility and trade. They argued that a multinational firm which engages in a diversity of trade and financial transactions across several countries can benefit from various opportunities to exploit offsetting movements in currencies and other variables. For example if an exporting firm is importing intermediate inputs from a country whose currency is depreciating, this can offset a decrease in export revenues through a decrease in cost of production. Also recent studies has shown that the tendency for exchange rates to adjust to differences in inflation rates and hence if exports are priced in a foreign currency that is depreciating, the loss to the exporter from the declining exchange rate is at least partly offset by higher foreign currency export price(Cushman 1083 and 1986) Finally as put forward by Makin(1978), multinationals have many possibilitie s of internally managing their exposure to foreign exchange risk, for example by holding a portfolio of assets and liabilities in different currencies. In his analysis of exchange rate volatility, Gros(1987) takes into account adjustment costs. His model consist of a risk neutral and competitive firm which exports its entire output. It is shown that if some factor can be adjusted instantaneously, an increase in exchange rate volatility increases a firms investment. The rationale behind this is that if exchange rate for the exporting firm is high, this means output price will be high and thus the firm can increase production by utilising more of the flexible factor so as to obtain a more than proportionate increase in profits. On the contrary if prices are low, production can be reduced to limit losses. An increases in the volatility of prices means that there is the possibility for excessive prices increases. Therefore it is more desirable for firms to have high capital stock and over time the export supple function shifts upwards. In this study, exchange rate variability affects exports through its effect on investment. Another aspect of the relationship between exchange rate variability and trade is the presence of sunk cost. Sunk market-entry costs are faced by risk neutral firms when they enter the market for exports. This would arise particularly where the firm is exporting differentiated goods and require substantial investment by the firm for example to adapt their product to foreign market and to create a marketing and distribution network. Sunk cost tend to make firms less responsive to short run fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate as they would have the tend to continue to operate in the market as long as they can recover their variable costs and to wait for a change in the exchange rate which will allow them to recoup their sunk costs((Baldwin,1988; Krugman, 1989) Finally, other researches like Bacchetta and Van Wincoop (2000) conduct their study within a general equilibrium framework. They use a simple general equilibrium model for two countries where the source of uncertainty are monetary, fiscal, and technology shocks, and they compare the level of trade and welfare for fixed and floating exchange rate arrangements. They reach two main conclusions. First, there is no clear relationship between the level of trade and the type of exchange rate arrangement. Second, the level of trade does not provide a good index of the level of welfare in a country, and hence there is no one-to-one relationship between levels of trade and welfare in comparing exchange rate systems. Theoretical analysis of the relationship between exchange rate volatility and trade flows has yielded indeterminate results and hence this issue has attracted a large number of empirical researches. One of the earliest analysis was carried out by Hooper and Kohlhagen(1978) who assessed the effect of exchange rate volatility on the volume of aggregate and bilateral trade flow for all G7 countries except for Italy using time series data for the period 1965-1975. They utilised the model by Ethier(1973) for traded goods and derived equations expressing export prices and quantities in terms of cost of production reflection both domestic and imported inputs, other domestic prices, domestic income and capacity utilisation. Exchange rate risk was measured using the average absolute difference between the current period spot exchange rate and the forward rate last period, as well as the variance of the nominal spot rate and the current forward rate. Their conclusion was that they found no sig nificant effect of exchange rate risk on the volume of trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cushman(1983) uses a model similar to Hooper and Kohlhagen to investigate the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on trade flows among industrialised countries. However he enhances the model by extending the sample size to include more recent data and by using real rather than nominal exchange rate. Of the 14 sets of bilateral trade flows, Cushman found a significant negative effect of real exchange rate on trade flows in 6 cases against only 2 cases where the association is statistically significant and positive. Along the same line Bailey and Tavlas(1988) did not find any significant evidence of a negative effect of exchange rate variability on trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The work of Akhtar and Hilton(1984) were among the few early papers which generated fairly consistent results. They derived volume and price equations for Germany and United States multilateral trade for the period pertaining to a floating exchange rate. Exchange rate volatility was measured in terms of the standard d